Product Description
Basic Information
Chemical Name: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, abbreviated as NAD. A purity of 99.5% indicates that the content of the main component NAD in this product is very high.
Molecular Weight: Approximately 663.43.
CAS Registry Number: 53 - 84 - 9.
Source and Production
Source: In living organisms, NAD can be produced through the de novo synthesis pathway (starting from simple precursor substances such as tryptophan) and the salvage synthesis pathway (utilizing substances like nicotinamide). In industrial production, high-purity NAD can be obtained by combining bio-fermentation technology and chemical synthesis.
Production Process:
Bio-fermentation Method: Utilize microorganisms (such as yeast, bacteria, etc.) to ferment a culture medium containing appropriate carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and other nutrients. During the growth and metabolism of microorganisms, NAD will be synthesized. Then, through a series of separation and purification steps, a high-purity product can be obtained.
Combination of Chemical Synthesis and Enzyme-catalyzed Reaction Method: Build the basic skeleton of NAD through organic chemical synthesis reactions, and then use specific enzymes to catalyze key reaction steps to improve the synthesis efficiency and product purity. After fine separation and purification, a purity of 99.5% can be finally achieved.
Physical Properties
Appearance: It is usually a white to light yellow powdery solid, and the texture of the powder is relatively fine.
Solubility: It is readily soluble in water and can quickly dissolve in water to form a clear and transparent solution. This characteristic makes it convenient to formulate various dosage forms in the fields of pharmaceuticals and health products. It also has a certain degree of solubility in some organic solvents (such as ethanol and methanol), but the solubility is not as good as that in water.
Melting Point: It is approximately between 140 - 142 °C. The determination of the melting point is of great significance for product quality control and authenticity identification.
Chemical Properties
Stability: It is relatively stable under normal temperature, dry, and dark conditions. However, under conditions such as high temperature, high humidity, strong light irradiation, or in the presence of strong oxidants and strong reducing agents, its chemical structure may be damaged. For example, in an alkaline environment, the phosphodiester bond of NAD may undergo a hydrolysis reaction.
Redox Properties: NAD is one of the most important redox coenzymes in living organisms. It can accept electrons and protons and be reduced to NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, reduced form). This process plays a crucial role in energy metabolism processes such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration. Moreover, NADH can also transfer electrons and protons to regenerate NAD and participate in various redox cycles of biosynthesis and energy metabolism.
Acid-base Reaction Characteristics: The molecule contains acidic phosphate groups and basic adenine, nicotinamide and other groups. Therefore, corresponding protonation or deprotonation reactions will occur under different acid-base environments, affecting its chemical activity and the existing form in the solution.
Quality Standards and Detection
Purity Detection: Besides the clearly labeled 99.5% purity, advanced analytical techniques such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) are used to accurately measure the content of NAD and strictly control the content of impurities. Impurities mainly include incompletely reacted raw materials, reaction by-products, and residual solvents.
Microbial Limit Detection: Strictly detect microorganisms such as bacteria, molds, and yeasts, and limit their numbers within a certain safe range. For example, the total number of bacteria is generally required to not exceed 100 CFU/g (colony-forming units per gram) to ensure the safety and stability of the product and prevent potential hazards caused by microbial contamination.
Heavy Metal Detection: Focus on detecting heavy metal elements such as lead, mercury, and cadmium in the product to ensure that their contents meet strict pharmaceutical or health product standards. Excessive heavy metal content may damage human organs such as the nervous system, liver, and kidneys.
Functions and Applications
Healthcare Functions:
Energy Metabolism Regulation: As a key coenzyme in intracellular energy metabolism, NAD participates in the cellular respiration process, promotes the oxidative decomposition of nutrients such as glucose, and provides energy (ATP) for cells. By supplementing high-purity NAD, the efficiency of cellular energy metabolism can be improved to a certain extent, fatigue can be alleviated, and physical vitality can be enhanced.
Anti-aging Effect: As people age, the level of NAD in the human body gradually decreases. Supplementing with NAD products with a purity of 99.5% helps maintain the normal level of NAD in cells, activates enzymes related to longevity (such as the Sirtuins protein family), participates in processes such as DNA repair and gene expression regulation in cells, thereby delaying cell aging and improving aging-related indicators such as skin condition and cognitive function.
Application Fields:
Health Product Industry: High-purity NAD (99.5%) is mainly applied in the high-end health product market. It appears in various dosage forms such as capsules, tablets, and oral liquids for consumers to take on a daily basis for the purposes of improving physical functions, antioxidant, and enhancing immunity.
Medical Research Field: It has broad application prospects in medical research and treatment. It is used to study the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease), because these diseases are related to disorders in cellular energy metabolism and the aging of nerve cells. It is also used to study the treatment mechanisms of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes and explore improving the condition by regulating the level of NAD.
Dosage and Usage Recommendations
Dosage Range: The dosage of NAD for healthcare purposes varies depending on individual differences (such as age, gender, and health status). Generally speaking, the daily dosage is between 50 - 300 mg, but the specific dosage needs to be adjusted according to the advice of professional doctors or dietitians.
Usage Method: It is usually taken orally and absorbed into the bloodstream through the gastrointestinal tract. To improve the absorption efficiency, some products will adopt special formulation technologies, such as liposome encapsulation or adding absorption-promoting excipients. During the use process, it should be strictly in accordance with the product instructions or the guidance of professionals.
Storage and Transportation
Storage Conditions: It should be stored in a cool, dry, and dark environment, and the ideal storage temperature is 2 - 8 °C. Well-sealed containers (such as brown glass bottles or aluminum foil bags) can be used to prevent the product from being affected by moisture, oxidation, or light.
Transportation Requirements: During transportation, avoid high temperatures, sunlight, and rain. Use appropriate packaging materials and transportation conditions to ensure the quality stability of the product during transportation, such as using insulated boxes and moisture-proof packaging.
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